A spinal injury involves any damage to the spinal cord, typically due to trauma or other medical conditions. It could be classified as incomplete or complete, depending on the extent of damage. Spinal injuries may cause chronic pain and loss of mobility and sensation.
A spinal injury refers to any type of injury that affects the spinal column, which is composed of bones (vertebrae), discs, and ligaments. This can include injuries to the bones, ligaments, and discs of the spine, which may or may not involve damage to the spinal cord.
The spinal column, commonly known as the backbone, is a protective layer of bone that covers the spinal cord. It is composed of 33 individual bones (vertebrae) stacked on top of each other, extending from the skull to the pelvis. Aside from protecting the spinal cord and nerve roots, the vertebral column serves other functions, such as:
Vertebral injuries can either be a fracture or a dislocation. Fractures refer to any break in the vertebrae, while dislocation occurs when the vertebrae are out of place or not lining up properly. There are different types of fractures and dislocations, which include:
Spinal cord injuries can vary widely in their nature and impact, ranging from incomplete injuries, which may allow for some function below the injury site, to complete injuries, resulting in total loss of sensation and mobility.
The symptoms of a spinal injury vary depending on the type, severity and location of the injury; as well as the degree of sensation lost. The symptoms may manifest immediately or gradually. Common symptoms include:
As spine injuries are emergencies, the medical team will first ensure that the injury does not affect the patient’s
breathing or heart rate. If the patient is still awake and breathing, the medical team may then assess the state of
their nerves by checking their sensory function (sense of touch) and movement (motor function).
In cases where the patient has lost consciousness or has obvious neurological injuries, diagnostic tests will be
performed to identify the type of spinal injury incurred. These tests include imaging tests to evaluate the
condition of the spinal column, spinal cord, and brain.
Spinal injuries are treated through a combination of medical, surgical, and rehabilitative approaches. In mild cases
of injuries, non-surgical methods may be used at first, including pain management, physiotherapy, and immobilization
with braces. These techniques aim to reduce pain and inflammation, strengthen one’s muscles, and promote the body's
natural healing processes.
In more severe cases, however, surgery may be necessary. Procedures like laminectomy, discectomy, and spinal fusion
are performed to alleviate pressure on the spinal cord, stabilize the spine, or repair damaged discs. Spine surgeons
utilize advanced techniques, including minimally invasive procedures, to minimise tissue disruption and facilitate
quicker recovery.
Following surgery, rehabilitation plays a crucial role in recovery. Physiotherapy and lifestyle modifications are
key to improving strength, flexibility, and overall function of the spine and spinal cord.
Dr Chua Soo Yong is an experienced orthopaedic and spine surgeon specialising in treating all types of conditions associated with the spine. Dr Chua was the former Deputy Chief of Spine Service at Changi General Hospital – a testament to his expertise and commitment to his patients. In addition to his medical practice, Dr Chua is actively involved in the research of spinal cord injuries and regeneration, and has published several articles in established medical journals about the spine.
3 Mount Elizabeth Suite #06-09,
Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre
Singapore 228510
